30 The Linguist Vol/63 No/3
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OPINION & COMMENT
What the clandestine M language of Malaysia can
tell us about secret languages around the world
NORHANIZA NURUDDIN
The phenomenon of hidden languages is truly
intriguing. These confidential communication
methods often develop within groups, serving
purposes ranging from playful encoding to
secretive exchanges. Some studies suggest
that the use of a secret language is quite
prevalent among twins.
1
Why twins? It is
thought they use communication to isolate
themselves from others. This same idea
applies to all secret languages; we use them
within our own circle, keeping them exclusive
and unintelligible to outsiders.
The secret 'M' language (Bahasa M)
transforms Malay phrases through the addition
of 'shadow syllables'. Exemplifying how
linguistic creativity can be employed to
create a secretive linguistic code, the M
language alters familiar phrases by inserting
syllables, thus obscuring the meaning to
those unfamiliar with it. The transformation of
Saya lapar ('I am hungry') into Samayama
lamaparmar showcases how the systematic
addition of syllables creates a new linguistic
form that retains a semblance of the original.
Less prevalent than the M language, the 'F'
language is a further example of this covert
communication method. In the F language,
Saya lapar would be rendered as Safayafa
lafaparfar. Different communities may tailor
their own versions to suit their needs.
One of the fascinating aspects of secret
languages is their oral nature, as they rely
heavily on pronunciation and rhythm for
comprehension. When spoken rapidly, the
encoded phrases take on a distinct sound,
almost resembling a foreign language. One
example, Jamadimi, samayama nakmak
tamannyama jimikama amadama yangmang
imingatmat bamahamasama M iminimi? ('So,
I want to ask if anyone remembers this M
language?'), reveals the rapid and fluid nature
of communication within the secret language.
Although it originated among the Malay-
speaking community of Malaysia, the M
language was taken up and adapted by some
English-speaking citizens. An English phrase
like 'Do you want to go to the concert?' may
be transformed into 'Domu youmu wantman
tomu gomo tomu theme conmonsertmert'.
Decoding this version in writing is more
complex as the shadow syllables are intricately
tied to the pronunciation of the words.
Coded languages worldwide
The concept of secret languages is not unique
to Malay speakers. Throughout history, various
communities have developed their own
clandestine communication methods, often as
a means of maintaining privacy or exclusivity.
These languages can be found across
different linguistic and cultural backgrounds,
each reflecting the unique characteristics and
needs of the community that created them.
In some cases, they emerge as a kind of
defiance against oppressive forces. During
Covert communication
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